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Fitzgerald Elisa Yule The University of Sydney ;! Core ProjecttResearch Ethics and the Ethical Review Process as Culture and Cultural Process* *Funded by an ARC Discovery GrantDR#P$#R #%When do ethics come into the picture? & zConceptualisation of the topic Designing the project Writing the proposal Ethical review submission Conduct of the project{{ { ^Analysis of the data Interpretation of the data Use and dissemination of results Forever after__ _ Concept of Ethics  xReasoning tool to develop knowledge about the  right way to behave to decide what is to be done (or not done) given any particular set of circumstances to reason about what  ought to be 4     Ethics as Culture  Morals, values, norms, beliefs and way of conceptualising and judging human behaviour are fundamentals of culture and cultural difference If based on morals, values, perceptions of right and wrong, and social norms of particular groups, then obviously ethics are cultural    Ethics are  hAn extraordinarily complex cultural phenomenon (Weisz, 1990) They are Cultural process Cultural productj0 "."$$ "  &1  3 Ethical Ethnocentrism  y My beliefs differ from yours, therefore you are unethical. (Cassell & Jacobs, 1987, p. 1, emphasis in the original) ^?:*   8"&@  3 'Some Cultural and Methodological Issues' Advised or informed consent Competency for consent (age, health status, mental state) Coercion by community or community leaders&ee  ^ What information is required What is desired How to present it and to whom Written or verbal(^^^ 'Some Cultural and Methodological Issues' uCoercion vs compensation Conflict of interest Confidentiality and anonymity Consent forms Databases Small communities&L*L*.   j  Core concepts Beneficence Community Concepts of self and personhood Individualism vs collectivism Privacy, public vs private Respect*ZxZxHR     'Some Cultural and Methodological Issues' Ethical review Standard for Medical (RCT, drug trials) Social science/alternative paradigms International/cross-cultural ProcessN @% @%   Ethical imperialism  The coercive and inappropriate imposition of Western morality (Newton, 1990, p. 10) Is there an universal ethics? Should some ethics take precedence over others Another form of colonialism? What should happen with conflicting expectations?T224  2 'Some Cultural and Methodological Issues' Gatekeeping Range of gatekeepers Funders Other researchers Community Ethical review committees as the ultimate gatekeeper Others in the name of ethicsN $R $R   Methodological standards What constitutes data Acceptable sources of data Data collection methods Data analysis Design flexibility Validity*ZsZs  'Some Cultural and Methodological Issues' }Multi-site research Multi-site Multicultural Ownership Data Knowledge/ intellectual property Bodily fluids, parts, genes, etcL G G}  _Participants Label (what do we call these people) Role in the research (how much participation)& S S 'Some Cultural and Methodological Issues ( HPre-research Consultation with community/ stakeholders Is this research?& < < I kRelationships and standards for social and interpersonal behaviour Safety Researcher Participants Community&J"J" B ) 'Some Cultural and Methodological Issues' [Storage of data General questions Who Where When How For how long In what form RepatriationN- - [  Trust Community Between all stakeholders Including researchers and committee members Researcher/s & the others involved Etc, etc, etcb#,##,#   4What are the core issues for transcultural research?4 Who are the key stakeholders? 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